避孕套预防HIV多有效？

避孕套预防HIV多有效？

如果每次性交时都正确使用避孕套，避孕套对预防HIV感染非常有效。但重要的是要了解如何正确使用避孕套。

避孕套还可以帮助预防其他通过体液传播的性传播疾病（STD），如淋病和衣原体感染。然而，它们对于通过皮肤接触传播的性病，如人乳头瘤病毒（HPV，生殖器疣）、生殖器疱疹和梅毒的防护效果较差。

避孕套主要有两种类型：男性避孕套和女性避孕套。

男性避孕套

男性避孕套是一层薄薄的乳胶、聚氨酯、聚异戊二烯或天然膜，性交时戴在阴茎上。男性避孕套的使用须知：

• 乳胶避孕套提供最好的HIV防护效果。聚氨酯（塑料）或聚异戊二烯（合成橡胶）避孕套是对乳胶过敏者的良好选择，但塑料避孕套比乳胶避孕套更容易破裂。天然膜（如羊皮）避孕套有小孔，因此不能阻挡HIV和其他性传播疾病。

• 使用水性或硅基润滑剂可以降低避孕套破裂或滑脱的几率。不要用油基润滑剂（如凡士林、起酥油、矿物油、按摩油、护肤乳液和食用油）与乳胶避孕套一起使用，因为它们可能削弱避孕套并导致破裂。不要使用含有非氧诺尔-9的润滑剂，它会刺激阴道和肛门的内膜，增加感染HIV的风险。

女性避孕套

女性避孕套是一种薄膜袋，由一种合成乳胶产品——腈纶制成。它设计用来在性交时戴在女性阴道内。女性避孕套的使用须知：

• 当戴在阴道内时，女性避孕套在预防HIV、其他性传播疾病和怀孕方面与男性避孕套相当。一些人也将女性避孕套用于肛交。我们目前不清楚女性避孕套在男性或女性进行肛交时能否有效预防HIV和其他性传播疾病，但我们知道HIV无法通过腈纶屏障传播。

• 任何类型的润滑剂都可以与腈纶女性避孕套一起使用。

即使每次性交时都正确使用避孕套，仍然有感染HIV的风险。对于一些处于高风险的个体，在使用避孕套的基础上加入其他预防方法，如服用预防和治疗HIV的药物，可以进一步减少感染的风险。

How Effective Are Condoms in Preventing HIV?

If used correctly every time you have sex, condoms are highly effective in preventing HIV infection. However, it is important to educate yourself about how to use them properly.

Condoms can also help prevent other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) that are spread through body fluids, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia. However, they provide less protection against STDs spread through skin-to-skin contact, such as human papillomavirus (HPV, genital warts), genital herpes, and syphilis.

There are two main types of condoms: male and female.

Male Condoms

A male condom is a thin layer of latex, polyurethane, polyisoprene, or natural membrane worn over the penis during sex. Male Condom Dos and Don’ts:

• Latex condoms provide the best protection against HIV. Polyurethane (plastic) or polyisoprene (synthetic rubber) condoms are good options for people with latex allergies, but plastic ones break more often than latex ones. Natural membrane (such as lambskin) condoms have small holes in them, so they do not block HIV and other STDs.

• Use water- or silicone-based lubricants to lower the chances of a condom breaking or slipping during sex. Do not use oil-based lubricants (for example, Vaseline, shortening, mineral oil, massage oils, body lotions, and cooking oil) with latex condoms because they can weaken the condom and cause it to break. Do not use lubricants containing nonoxynol-9, as it irritates the lining of the vagina and anus and increases the risk of getting HIV.

Female Condoms

A female condom is a thin pouch made of a synthetic latex product called nitrile. It’s designed to be worn by a woman in her vagina during sex. Female Condom Dos and Don’ts:

• When worn in the vagina, female condoms are comparable to male condoms in preventing HIV, other STDs, and pregnancy. Some people also use female condoms for anal sex. We do not currently know how well female condoms prevent HIV and other STDs when used by men or women for anal sex, but we know that HIV cannot travel through the nitrile barrier.

• It is safe to use any kind of lubricant with nitrile female condoms.

Even if you use condoms correctly every time you have sex, there’s still a chance of getting HIV. For individuals at high risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV, adding other prevention methods, such as taking medicines to prevent and treat HIV, can further reduce the risk.