同HIV患者生活，如何避免被感染？

同HIV患者生活，如何避免被感染？

与HIV患者同住或有性接触时，采取以下措施可以显著降低感染HIV的风险。采取越多的措施，安全性就越高。

最重要的是，HIV患者应按时服用抗逆转录病毒药物（ART），这是治疗HIV的首选方案。ART药物能够减少血液和体液中的病毒载量。如果病毒载量非常低或无法检测到，这将大大降低传播HIV给伴侣的风险。HIV患者应严格遵循医生的建议，定期就医并按时服药。

使用避孕套
每次性行为时，都应正确使用避孕套。男性避孕套使用的正确方法是非常重要的，能有效降低通过性接触传播HIV的风险。

选择较低风险的性行为
肛交是HIV传播风险最高的性行为。如果您的伴侣是HIV阴性，且他们是插入方（top），而您是接受方（bottom），这时传播风险会相对较低。口交的风险明显低于肛交和阴道交。任何不涉及体液接触的性行为（如手淫）都不涉及HIV传播风险。

避免共用针具
如果您注射毒品，请绝对不要与他人共享针头或其他注射器具。共用针具是HIV传播的另一大风险途径。

考虑预防性药物（PrEP）
与伴侣讨论暴露前预防（PrEP），这是一种通过每天服药来预防HIV感染的方案。PrEP已被证明可以有效减少HIV暴露的风险。

考虑暴露后预防（PEP）
如果您认为您的伴侣最近可能接触过HIV（例如，发生了没有使用避孕套的肛交或避孕套破裂），可以与伴侣讨论暴露后预防（PEP）。PEP需要在可能暴露后的72小时内开始，并且持续服药28天，可以大大降低感染HIV的机会。

定期筛查其他性传播疾病（STDs）
定期进行性传播疾病的筛查，并鼓励您的伴侣也进行检查。如果您性活跃，建议每年进行一次STD检查。STDs不仅可能引起长期健康问题，还能增加感染或传播HIV的风险。

鼓励伴侣进行HIV检测
如果您的伴侣是HIV阴性，鼓励他们也进行HIV检测，了解自己的健康状况，确保他们采取了正确的预防措施，以保持健康。

How to avoid contracting HIV when living with an HIV-positive partner?

If you live with or engage in sexual activities with someone who is HIV-positive, there are many steps you can take to significantly reduce your risk of contracting HIV. The more precautions you take, the safer you will be.

The most important thing you can do is to ensure that the HIV-positive individual takes their HIV medication (antiretroviral therapy, or ART) properly every day. ART reduces the amount of HIV in the blood and body fluids. If the viral load is very low or undetectable, it greatly lowers the chances of transmitting HIV to a partner. People with HIV should follow their healthcare provider’s advice, visit their doctor regularly, and take their medication as prescribed.

Use condoms correctly every time you have sex
It is essential to use condoms properly for every sexual encounter. Correct usage of male condoms can effectively reduce the risk of HIV transmission during sex.

Choose less risky sexual behaviors
Anal sex is the highest-risk sexual activity for HIV transmission. If your partner is HIV-negative, the risk is lower if they are the insertive partner (top) and you are the receptive partner (bottom) during anal sex. Oral sex carries much less risk of transmission compared to anal or vaginal sex. Any sexual activity that does not involve the exchange of body fluids (like semen, vaginal fluids, or blood) carries no risk of HIV transmission.

Do not share needles
If you inject drugs, never share needles or other drug paraphernalia with anyone. Sharing needles is another significant risk factor for HIV transmission.

Consider pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)
Discuss pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with your partner, a daily medication regimen that helps prevent HIV infection. PrEP has been shown to be highly effective in reducing the risk of HIV when taken consistently.

Consider post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
If you believe your partner has been exposed to HIV recently (e.g., unprotected anal or vaginal sex, or if a condom broke), talk about post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PEP needs to be started within 72 hours after a potential HIV exposure and taken daily for 28 days. It can significantly reduce the chance of contracting HIV.

Get tested for other STDs
Regular testing for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is important. Encourage your partner to get tested too. If you are sexually active, consider getting tested for STDs at least once a year. STDs can have long-term health effects and can increase the likelihood of acquiring or transmitting HIV.

Encourage your HIV-negative partner to get tested for HIV
Encourage your HIV-negative partner to get tested for HIV so they are aware of their status and can take steps to protect themselves and stay healthy.