是否需要做HIV检查？

推荐检查的人群

美国疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）建议，所有13至64岁的人群都应该至少接受一次HIV检测，作为常规健康检查的一部分。大约1/8的美国HIV感染者不知道自己已感染HIV。

高风险人群
有些人群因具有更高的HIV感染风险，应定期进行检测。如果你上次检测时HIV结果为阴性，并且回答以下问题中的任何一个“是”，你应考虑再次进行HIV检测，因为这些因素会增加感染HIV的风险：

1. 你是男性并且曾与其他男性发生过性关系吗？

2. 你曾与HIV阳性伴侣进行过肛交或阴道性交吗？

3. 自上次HIV检测以来，你是否有多个性伴侣？

4. 你是否曾注射毒品并与他人共用针具或注射器材（如水或棉花）？

5. 你是否曾为毒品或金钱交换性行为？

6. 你是否被诊断或治疗过其他性传播疾病？

7. 你是否被诊断或治疗过肝炎或结核（TB）？

8. 你是否与任何可能回答“是”以上问题的人或你不清楚性史的伴侣发生过性行为？

如果你继续从事这些行为，你应该每年进行至少一次HIV检测。对于性活跃的同性恋和双性恋男性，建议更频繁地检测，例如每3到6个月一次。

孕妇和性侵犯受害者
如果你怀孕，与你的医疗提供者讨论进行HIV检测以及如何保护自己和孩子不受HIV感染。同时，任何遭受性侵犯的人应该在侵犯后尽快进行HIV检测，并考虑使用暴露后预防（PEP），即在可能暴露于HIV后使用抗逆转录病毒药物来预防感染。

与新伴侣的性行为前
在与新伴侣发生性行为之前，你和伴侣应该讨论彼此的性和药物使用历史，告知彼此的HIV状态，并考虑一起进行HIV检测并了解检测结果。

Recommended Testing Populations
The CDC recommends that everyone between the ages of 13 and 64 get tested for HIV at least once as part of routine health care. About 1 in 8 people in the United States who have HIV don’t know they have it.

Higher Risk Groups
People with certain risk factors should get tested more frequently. If you were HIV-negative the last time you were tested and answer yes to any of the following questions, you should get an HIV test because these things increase your chances of getting HIV:

1. Are you a man who has had sex with another man?

2. Have you had sex—anal or vaginal—with an HIV-positive partner?

3. Have you had more than one sex partner since your last HIV test?

4. Have you injected drugs and shared needles or works (for example, water or cotton) with others?

5. Have you exchanged sex for drugs or money?

6. Have you been diagnosed with or sought treatment for another sexually transmitted disease?

7. Have you been diagnosed with or treated for hepatitis or tuberculosis (TB)?

8. Have you had sex with someone who could answer yes to any of the above questions or someone whose sexual history you don’t know?

If you keep doing any of these things, you should be tested at least once a year. Sexually active gay and bisexual men may benefit from more frequent testing (for example, every 3 to 6 months).

Pregnant Women and Sexual Assault Victims
If you’re pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider about getting tested for HIV and other ways to protect you and your child from getting HIV. Also, anyone who has been sexually assaulted should get an HIV test as soon as possible after the assault and should consider post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), taking antiretroviral medicines after being potentially exposed to HIV to prevent becoming infected.

Before Having Sex with a New Partner
Before having sex for the first time with a new partner, you and your partner should talk about your sexual and drug-use history, disclose your HIV status, and consider getting tested for HIV and learning the results.