中国HIV感染现状与管理

中国HIV感染现状与管理

今天，中国大约有100万人生活在HIV感染中。得益于治疗的进步，HIV感染者现在的寿命更长，生活质量也比以往更好。如果你是HIV感染者，保持健康和保护他人是非常重要的。

保持健康

一旦被诊断为HIV感染者，你应该尽早开始医疗护理并开始HIV治疗。抗逆转录病毒疗法（ART）是所有HIV感染者的推荐治疗方法。通过服用抗HIV药物，可以减缓HIV的进展并保护免疫系统。这些药物能够帮助你保持健康多年，并且如果按规定的方式每日服用，可以大大减少你将HIV传播给性伴侣的风险。

如果你正在接受HIV治疗，请定期去看医生，并按照指示正确服用药物，以保持血液中的病毒载量（HIV的数量）尽可能低。

如果你想了解如何开始治疗和维持治疗，可以访问中国疾控中心的官方网站，获取更多信息。

告知他人

尽管这可能让你感到不舒服，但向你的性伴侣和共用针具的伙伴披露你的HIV状态非常重要。与对方沟通关于你HIV状态的信息，让你们双方都能采取措施保持健康。

在中国，许多社区和医院提供免费的心理支持和健康教育服务，可以帮助你与伴侣沟通你的HIV状态。你还可以联系地方疾控部门，了解是否提供伴侣通知服务，帮助通知可能接触过HIV的伴侣。

此外，中国的法律规定，如果你是HIV阳性，你需要告知你的性伴侣，在进行性行为（肛交、阴道交或口交）或共用针具之前。如果没有告知，可能会面临法律责任，尽管对方没有感染。

获得支持

HIV诊断可能是一个改变人生的事件。很多人会经历悲伤、绝望甚至愤怒等情绪。在中国，许多医院和社工组织提供心理支持和社会服务，帮助你处理诊断初期的情绪并开始管理HIV。

与其他HIV感染者交流也可能有所帮助。你可以加入本地的HIV支持小组，学习其他HIV感染者是如何应对诊断的。

你可以在中国疾病预防控制中心网站上找到有关HIV感染者如何健康生活的故事和资源。此外，许多非政府组织也提供支持和帮助，帮助HIV感染者应对生活中的挑战。

降低传播给他人的风险

HIV通过感染者的某些体液传播，包括血液、精液、前列腺液、直肠液、阴道液和母乳。在中国，HIV最常通过与HIV感染者没有使用避孕套或采取其他预防和治疗HIV药物的情况下发生肛交或阴道交传播。此外，母亲还可以通过怀孕、分娩、哺乳或给宝宝喂食之前咀嚼食物的方式将HIV传播给婴儿。

病毒载量越高，传播HIV的可能性就越大。当你的病毒载量非常低（即病毒抑制，血液中每毫升低于200个拷贝）或不可检测（约每毫升血液40个拷贝）时，传播HIV的几率大大降低。然而，只有保持病毒抑制状态时，这一效应才成立。未按正确方式每日服药可能会导致病毒载量升高。

你还可以通过接受其他性病的检测和治疗来保护你的伴侣。如果你同时感染了HIV和其他有溃疡的性病（如梅毒），传播HIV的风险可能是没有性病溃疡时的三倍。

采取其他措施，如每次性行为使用避孕套，或让你的伴侣服用预防HIV的药物（即暴露前预防，即PrEP），可以进一步降低传播HIV的风险。学习如何正确使用男用避孕套。

查看更多关于HIV感染者的抗逆转录病毒治疗（ART）信息。

了解更多关于HIV与机会性感染（由于HIV引发免疫系统抑制而导致的感染）方面的内容。

HIV Situation and Management in China

Today, approximately 1 million people are living with HIV in China. Thanks to advancements in treatment, people with HIV are now living longer and enjoying a better quality of life than ever before. If you are living with HIV, it's important to make choices that keep you healthy and protect others.

Stay Healthy

You should begin medical care and start HIV treatment as soon as you are diagnosed with HIV. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended for everyone with HIV. Taking medicine to treat HIV helps slow the progression of the virus and protects your immune system. The medicine can keep you healthy for many years and significantly reduces the chance of transmitting HIV to your sex partners when taken correctly, every day.

If you're on HIV treatment, visit your healthcare provider regularly and always take your medicine as directed to keep your viral load (the amount of HIV in your blood and body) as low as possible.

Visit China CDC for information on getting into care and staying in care if you have HIV.

Do Tell

It’s important to disclose your HIV status to your sex and needle-sharing partners, even if it makes you uncomfortable. Communicating with each other about your HIV status helps both you and your partner take steps to stay healthy.

In China, many communities and hospitals offer free counseling and health education services that can help you communicate with your partner about your HIV status. You can also contact your local health department to learn about partner notification services, which can help inform partners who may have been exposed to HIV.

Additionally, Chinese law requires HIV-positive individuals to inform their sexual partners before engaging in sex (anal, vaginal, or oral) or sharing needles. Failure to disclose HIV status may result in legal consequences, even if the partner doesn't become infected.

Get Support

Receiving an HIV diagnosis can be a life-changing event. People may feel many emotions—sadness, hopelessness, or even anger. In China, many hospitals and social work organizations provide psychological support and social services to help you manage the early stages of your diagnosis and begin managing HIV.

Talking to others who have HIV may also be helpful. You can join a local HIV support group to learn how others living with HIV have handled their diagnosis.

You can find stories and resources on how people are living well with HIV on the China CDC website. Many NGOs also provide support for HIV-positive individuals facing life’s challenges.

Reduce the Risk to Others

HIV is spread through certain body fluids from an HIV-infected person: blood, semen (cum), pre-seminal fluid (pre-cum), rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. In China, HIV is most often transmitted through anal or vaginal sex with someone who has HIV without using a condom or taking medicines to prevent or treat HIV. Additionally, a mother can pass HIV to her baby during pregnancy, childbirth, through breastfeeding, or by pre-chewing her baby's food.

The higher your viral load, the more likely you are to transmit HIV to others. When your viral load is very low (called viral suppression, with less than 200 copies per milliliter of blood) or undetectable (about 40 copies per milliliter of blood), your chance of transmitting HIV is greatly reduced. However, this is true only if you can stay virally suppressed. Missing doses or not taking HIV medicine correctly every day can increase your viral load.

You can also protect your partners by getting tested and treated for other STDs. If you have both HIV and another STD with sores, such as syphilis, your risk of transmitting HIV can be up to three times higher than if you didn’t have any STD with sores.

Taking other actions, like using a condom the right way every time you have sex or having your partners take daily medicine to prevent HIV (called pre-exposure prophylaxis or PrEP), can lower your chances of transmitting HIV even further. Learn the right way to use a male condom.

Read more about medicines (antiretroviral treatments) for people living with HIV.

Read more on HIV and opportunistic infections (infections that are more frequent or more severe because of immunosuppression in HIV-infected persons).